List of core built-in CScript functions. Math functions and other utilities. Everything else is provided by objects. (Keywords: builtin, built in, global functions.)
Returns the arc cosine of [code]s[/code] in radians. Use to get the angle of cosine [code]s[/code]. [code]s[/code] must be between [code]-1.0[/code] and [code]1.0[/code] (inclusive), otherwise, [method acos] will return [constant NAN].
[codeblock]
# c is 0.523599 or 30 degrees if converted with rad2deg(s)
Returns the arc sine of [code]s[/code] in radians. Use to get the angle of sine [code]s[/code]. [code]s[/code] must be between [code]-1.0[/code] and [code]1.0[/code] (inclusive), otherwise, [method asin] will return [constant NAN].
[codeblock]
# s is 0.523599 or 30 degrees if converted with rad2deg(s)
Asserts that the [code]condition[/code] is [code]true[/code]. If the [code]condition[/code] is [code]false[/code], an error is generated. When running from the editor, the running project will also be paused until you resume it. This can be used as a stronger form of [method push_error] for reporting errors to project developers or add-on users.
[b]Note:[/b] For performance reasons, the code inside [method assert] is only executed in debug builds or when running the project from the editor. Don't include code that has side effects in an [method assert] call. Otherwise, the project will behave differently when exported in release mode.
The optional [code]message[/code] argument, if given, is shown in addition to the generic "Assertion failed" message. You can use this to provide additional details about why the assertion failed.
[codeblock]
# Imagine we always want speed to be between 0 and 20.
var speed = -10
assert(speed < 20) # True, the program will continue
assert(speed >= 0) # False, the program will stop
assert(speed >= 0 and speed < 20) # You can also combine the two conditional statements in one check
assert(speed < 20, "speed = %f, but the speed limit is 20" % speed) # Show a message with clarifying details
Returns the arc tangent of [code]s[/code] in radians. Use it to get the angle from an angle's tangent in trigonometry: [code]atan(tan(angle)) == angle[/code].
The method cannot know in which quadrant the angle should fall. See [method atan2] if you have both [code]y[/code] and [code]x[/code].
Returns the arc tangent of [code]y/x[/code] in radians. Use to get the angle of tangent [code]y/x[/code]. To compute the value, the method takes into account the sign of both arguments in order to determine the quadrant.
Important note: The Y coordinate comes first, by convention.
Decodes a byte array back to a value. When [code]allow_objects[/code] is [code]true[/code] decoding objects is allowed.
[b]WARNING:[/b] Deserialized object can contain code which gets executed. Do not use this option if the serialized object comes from untrusted sources to avoid potential security threats (remote code execution).
Converts a 2D point expressed in the cartesian coordinate system (X and Y axis) to the polar coordinate system (a distance from the origin and an angle).
Compares two values by checking their actual contents, recursing into any `Array` or `Dictionary` up to its deepest level.
This compares to [code]==[/code] in a number of ways:
- For [code]null[/code], [code]int[/code], [code]float[/code], [code]String[/code], [code]Object[/code] and [code]RID[/code] both [code]deep_equal[/code] and [code]==[/code] work the same.
- For [code]Dictionary[/code], [code]==[/code] considers equality if, and only if, both variables point to the very same [code]Dictionary[/code], with no recursion or awareness of the contents at all.
- For [code]Array[/code], [code]==[/code] considers equality if, and only if, each item in the first [code]Array[/code] is equal to its counterpart in the second [code]Array[/code], as told by [code]==[/code] itself. That implies that [code]==[/code] recurses into [code]Array[/code], but not into [code]Dictionary[/code].
In short, whenever a [code]Dictionary[/code] is potentially involved, if you want a true content-aware comparison, you have to use [code]deep_equal[/code].
Returns an "eased" value of [code]x[/code] based on an easing function defined with [code]curve[/code]. This easing function is based on an exponent. The [code]curve[/code] can be any floating-point number, with specific values leading to the following behaviors:
Rounds [code]s[/code] downward (towards negative infinity), returning the largest whole number that is not more than [code]s[/code].
[codeblock]
a = floor(2.45) # a is 2.0
a = floor(2.99) # a is 2.0
a = floor(-2.99) # a is -3.0
[/codeblock]
See also [method ceil], [method round], [method stepify], and [int].
[b]Note:[/b] This method returns a float. If you need an integer and [code]s[/code] is a non-negative number, you can use [code]int(s)[/code] directly.
Returns a reference to the specified function [code]funcname[/code] in the [code]instance[/code] node. As functions aren't first-class objects in GDscript, use [code]funcref[/code] to store a [FuncRef] in a variable and call it later.
Returns an interpolation or extrapolation factor considering the range specified in [code]from[/code] and [code]to[/code], and the interpolated value specified in [code]weight[/code]. The returned value will be between [code]0.0[/code] and [code]1.0[/code] if [code]weight[/code] is between [code]from[/code] and [code]to[/code] (inclusive). If [code]weight[/code] is located outside this range, then an extrapolation factor will be returned (return value lower than [code]0.0[/code] or greater than [code]1.0[/code]).
[codeblock]
# The interpolation ratio in the `lerp()` call below is 0.75.
var middle = lerp(20, 30, 0.75)
# `middle` is now 27.5.
# Now, we pretend to have forgotten the original ratio and want to get it back.
var ratio = inverse_lerp(20, 30, 27.5)
# `ratio` is now 0.75.
[/codeblock]
See also [method lerp] which performs the reverse of this operation.
Returns [code]true[/code] if [code]a[/code] and [code]b[/code] are approximately equal to each other.
Here, approximately equal means that [code]a[/code] and [code]b[/code] are within a small internal epsilon of each other, which scales with the magnitude of the numbers.
Infinity values of the same sign are considered equal.
Linearly interpolates between two values by the factor defined in [code]weight[/code]. To perform interpolation, [code]weight[/code] should be between [code]0.0[/code] and [code]1.0[/code] (inclusive). However, values outside this range are allowed and can be used to perform [i]extrapolation[/i].
If the [code]from[/code] and [code]to[/code] arguments are of type [int] or [float], the return value is a [float].
If both are of the same vector type ([Vector2], [Vector3] or [Color]), the return value will be of the same type ([code]lerp[/code] then calls the vector type's [code]linear_interpolate[/code] method).
See also [method inverse_lerp] which performs the reverse of this operation. To perform eased interpolation with [method lerp], combine it with [method ease] or [method smoothstep].
Similar to [method lerp], but interpolates correctly when the angles wrap around [constant @CScript.TAU]. To perform eased interpolation with [method lerp_angle], combine it with [method ease] or [method smoothstep].
Converts from linear energy to decibels (audio). This can be used to implement volume sliders that behave as expected (since volume isn't linear). Example:
[codeblock]
# "Slider" refers to a node that inherits Range such as HSlider or VSlider.
# Its range must be configured to go from 0 to 1.
# Change the bus name if you'd like to change the volume of a specific bus only.
Loads a resource from the filesystem located at [code]path[/code]. The resource is loaded on the method call (unless it's referenced already elsewhere, e.g. in another script or in the scene), which might cause slight delay, especially when loading scenes. To avoid unnecessary delays when loading something multiple times, either store the resource in a variable or use [method preload].
[b]Note:[/b] Resource paths can be obtained by right-clicking on a resource in the FileSystem dock and choosing "Copy Path" or by dragging the file from the FileSystem dock into the script.
[codeblock]
# Load a scene called main located in the root of the project directory and cache it in a variable.
var main = load("res://main.tscn") # main will contain a PackedScene resource.
[/codeblock]
[b]Important:[/b] The path must be absolute, a local path will just return [code]null[/code].
This method is a simplified version of [method ResourceLoader.load], which can be used for more advanced scenarios.
Returns the nearest equal or larger power of 2 for integer [code]value[/code].
In other words, returns the smallest value [code]a[/code] where [code]a = pow(2, n)[/code] such that [code]value <= a[/code] for some non-negative integer [code]n[/code].
[codeblock]
nearest_po2(3) # Returns 4
nearest_po2(4) # Returns 4
nearest_po2(5) # Returns 8
nearest_po2(0) # Returns 0 (this may not be what you expect)
nearest_po2(-1) # Returns 0 (this may not be what you expect)
[/codeblock]
[b]WARNING:[/b] Due to the way it is implemented, this function returns [code]0[/code] rather than [code]1[/code] for non-positive values of [code]value[/code] (in reality, 1 is the smallest integer power of 2).
Parse JSON text to a Variant. (Use [method typeof] to check if the Variant's type is what you expect.)
[b]Note:[/b] The JSON specification does not define integer or float types, but only a [i]number[/i] type. Therefore, parsing a JSON text will convert all numerical values to [float] types.
[b]Note:[/b] JSON objects do not preserve key order like Pandemonium dictionaries, thus, you should not rely on keys being in a certain order if a dictionary is constructed from JSON. In contrast, JSON arrays retain the order of their elements:
[codeblock]
var p = JSON.parse('["hello", "world", "!"]')
if typeof(p.result) == TYPE_ARRAY:
print(p.result[0]) # Prints "hello"
else:
push_error("Unexpected results.")
[/codeblock]
See also [JSON] for an alternative way to parse JSON text.
Converts a 2D point expressed in the polar coordinate system (a distance from the origin [code]r[/code] and an angle [code]th[/code]) to the cartesian coordinate system (X and Y axis).
Returns a [Resource] from the filesystem located at [code]path[/code]. The resource is loaded during script parsing, i.e. is loaded with the script and [method preload] effectively acts as a reference to that resource. Note that the method requires a constant path. If you want to load a resource from a dynamic/variable path, use [method load].
[b]Note:[/b] Resource paths can be obtained by right clicking on a resource in the Assets Panel and choosing "Copy Path" or by dragging the file from the FileSystem dock into the script.
[codeblock]
# Instance a scene.
var diamond = preload("res://diamond.tscn").instance()
Converts one or more arguments of any type to string in the best way possible and prints them to the console.
[codeblock]
a = [1, 2, 3]
print("a", "=", a) # Prints a=[1, 2, 3]
[/codeblock]
[b]Note:[/b] Consider using [method push_error] and [method push_warning] to print error and warning messages instead of [method print]. This distinguishes them from print messages used for debugging purposes, while also displaying a stack trace when an error or warning is printed.
Prints one or more arguments to strings in the best way possible to console. No newline is added at the end.
[codeblock]
printraw("A")
printraw("B")
# Prints AB
[/codeblock]
[b]Note:[/b] Due to limitations with Pandemonium's built-in console, this only prints to the terminal. If you need to print in the editor, use another method, such as [method print].
Pushes an error message to Pandemonium's built-in debugger and to the OS terminal.
[codeblock]
push_error("test error") # Prints "test error" to debugger and terminal as error call
[/codeblock]
[b]Note:[/b] Errors printed this way will not pause project execution. To print an error message and pause project execution in debug builds, use [code]assert(false, "test error")[/code] instead.
Random from seed: pass a [code]seed[/code], and an array with both number and new seed is returned. "Seed" here refers to the internal state of the pseudo random number generator. The internal state of the current implementation is 64 bits.
Returns a random unsigned 32-bit integer. Use remainder to obtain a random value in the interval [code][0, N - 1][/code] (where N is smaller than 2^32).
[codeblock]
randi() # Returns random integer between 0 and 2^32 - 1
randi() % 20 # Returns random integer between 0 and 19
randi() % 100 # Returns random integer between 0 and 99
randi() % 100 + 1 # Returns random integer between 1 and 100
Returns an array with the given range. Range can be 1 argument [code]N[/code] (0 to [code]N[/code] - 1), two arguments ([code]initial[/code], [code]final - 1[/code]) or three arguments ([code]initial[/code], [code]final - 1[/code], [code]increment[/code]). Returns an empty array if the range isn't valid (e.g. [code]range(2, 5, -1)[/code] or [code]range(5, 5, 1)[/code]).
Returns an array with the given range. [code]range()[/code] can have 1 argument N ([code]0[/code] to [code]N - 1[/code]), two arguments ([code]initial[/code], [code]final - 1[/code]) or three arguments ([code]initial[/code], [code]final - 1[/code], [code]increment[/code]). [code]increment[/code] can be negative. If [code]increment[/code] is negative, [code]final - 1[/code] will become [code]final + 1[/code]. Also, the initial value must be greater than the final value for the loop to run.
Returns the result of smoothly interpolating the value of [code]s[/code] between [code]0[/code] and [code]1[/code], based on the where [code]s[/code] lies with respect to the edges [code]from[/code] and [code]to[/code].
The return value is [code]0[/code] if [code]s <= from[/code], and [code]1[/code] if [code]s >= to[/code]. If [code]s[/code] lies between [code]from[/code] and [code]to[/code], the returned value follows an S-shaped curve that maps [code]s[/code] between [code]0[/code] and [code]1[/code].
This S-shaped curve is the cubic Hermite interpolator, given by [code]f(y) = 3*y^2 - 2*y^3[/code] where [code]y = (x-from) / (to-from)[/code].
[codeblock]
smoothstep(0, 2, -5.0) # Returns 0.0
smoothstep(0, 2, 0.5) # Returns 0.15625
smoothstep(0, 2, 1.0) # Returns 0.5
smoothstep(0, 2, 2.0) # Returns 1.0
[/codeblock]
Compared to [method ease] with a curve value of [code]-1.6521[/code], [method smoothstep] returns the smoothest possible curve with no sudden changes in the derivative. If you need to perform more advanced transitions, use [Tween] or [AnimationPlayer].
[url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/godotengine/godot-docs/3.4/img/smoothstep_ease_comparison.png]Comparison between smoothstep() and ease(x, -1.6521) return values[/url]
Returns the position of the first non-zero digit, after the decimal point. Note that the maximum return value is 10, which is a design decision in the implementation.
Snaps float value [code]s[/code] to a given [code]step[/code]. This can also be used to round a floating point number to an arbitrary number of decimals.
[codeblock]
stepify(100, 32) # Returns 96.0
stepify(3.14159, 0.01) # Returns 3.14
[/codeblock]
See also [method ceil], [method floor], [method round], and [int].
Converts a [Variant] [code]var[/code] to JSON text and return the result. Useful for serializing data to store or send over the network.
[codeblock]
# Both numbers below are integers.
a = { "a": 1, "b": 2 }
b = to_json(a)
print(b) # {"a":1, "b":2}
# Both numbers above are floats, even if they display without any decimal places.
[/codeblock]
[b]Note:[/b] The JSON specification does not define integer or float types, but only a [i]number[/i] type. Therefore, converting a [Variant] to JSON text will convert all numerical values to [float] types.
See also [JSON] for an alternative way to convert a [Variant] to JSON text.
Encodes a variable value to a byte array. When [code]full_objects[/code] is [code]true[/code] encoding objects is allowed (and can potentially include code).
A weak reference to an object is not enough to keep the object alive: when the only remaining references to a referent are weak references, garbage collection is free to destroy the referent and reuse its memory for something else. However, until the object is actually destroyed the weak reference may return the object even if there are no strong references to it.
Positive floating-point infinity. This is the result of floating-point division when the divisor is [code]0.0[/code]. For negative infinity, use [code]-INF[/code]. Dividing by [code]-0.0[/code] will result in negative infinity if the numerator is positive, so dividing by [code]0.0[/code] is not the same as dividing by [code]-0.0[/code] (despite [code]0.0 == -0.0[/code] returning [code]true[/code]).
[b]Note:[/b] Numeric infinity is only a concept with floating-point numbers, and has no equivalent for integers. Dividing an integer number by [code]0[/code] will not result in [constant INF] and will result in a run-time error instead.
"Not a Number", an invalid floating-point value. [constant NAN] has special properties, including that it is not equal to itself ([code]NAN == NAN[/code] returns [code]false[/code]). It is output by some invalid operations, such as dividing floating-point [code]0.0[/code] by [code]0.0[/code].
[b]Note:[/b] "Not a Number" is only a concept with floating-point numbers, and has no equivalent for integers. Dividing an integer [code]0[/code] by [code]0[/code] will not result in [constant NAN] and will result in a run-time error instead.
